Feature

A New Life for Revival Jewelry Styles: Archaeological, Renaissance and Egyptian

Sharon Bohannon

March 15, 2019

Detail of pendant elements heart and palmette shows twisted wire details (probably cast) and granulation soldered on.
Dating from the 1990s, this necklace made by Castellani in 19th century archeological revival style features heart-shaped and palmette pendants with bead spacers on foxtail chain. This close-up photo of the necklace’s elements show its twisted wire details and granulation. Courtesy of Frances Klein Antiques & Estate Jewelry. Photo by Tino Hammid/GIA & Tino Hammid.

Revival jewelry embodies a long-standing tradition of drawing inspiration from the past – either by copying or reinterpreting ancient motifs. It is a way for us to wear jewelry pieces that connect us to the rich history of the beginning of civilization.

Archaeological Revival

Archaeological Revival was spurred by discoveries of buried artifacts – after the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 CE – uncovered in the cities of Herculaneum in 1738 and Pompeii in 1748. A century later, haphazard excavation techniques had improved somewhat, creating a second wave of interest in revival jewelry prompted by discoveries in Etruscan burial sites.

After opening the Regolini-Galassi tomb in 1836, jewelers Fortunato Pio and Alessandro Castellani were granted access by papal authorities to study the ancient gold jewelry. They were also given access to huge collections of antiquities between 1840 and 1850, making it possible for the Castellani family to study the art of Etruscan granulation, filigree and other gold work. They began to uncover the mystery of how the ancients created their designs by soldering detail to the metal rather than carving, punching, or cutting.

A bar brooch that features three sculpted gold flower head clusters (3
Eugène Fontenay was one of the leading jewelers working in France in the third quarter of the century and his jewelry was considered among the most technically refined of the work produced at this time. This gold Etruscan revival pendant features matte enamel decoration, rose-cut diamonds, granulation, and beading, all associated with the work of Eugène Fontenay (1824–1887) and archaeological revival jewelry. Courtesy of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Photo by Joseph Coscia.

Michelangelo Caetani, an Italian scholar interested in literature, sculpture and goldsmithing, encouraged them to concentrate on ancient-style jewelry, providing them with models of the finest jewelry examples from antiquity. Through their association, he became a pivotal influencer of their designs. The Castellani firm also incorporated Egyptian scarabs into their designs.

Renaissance Revival

Jewelry took its inspiration from a variety of sources in the 19th century, including from Renaissance pieces that survived and those that were preserved in jewelry design books. A colored gemstone or pearl as the central focal point, surrounded by smaller gems, was a hallmark of the Renaissance Revival style of pendants, brooches and earrings. Various enameling techniques were often used as colorful accents.

An intricate, golden brooch.
The gold Renaissance revival style bar brooch by Tiffany & Co. features three sculpted flower head clusters. The left cluster contains six blue sapphires surrounding an orange garnet. The right cluster contains a center green stone surrounded by six orange garnets. The center element is an old European cut diamond surrounded by small diamonds. Courtesy of Neil Lane, Inc., Beverly Hills. Photo by Tino Hammid/GIA & Tino Hammid.

Renaissance-themed costume balls were popular during the 19th century and great effort was taken to recreate the period costumes and jewelry worn at these lavish events.

Hans Holbein the Younger, a German artist in the Tudor period (1485-1603), was an early influencer of Renaissance Revival jewelry. His paintings portrayed Tudor royalty and the upper class, who set the fashion. Once seen in London, his paintings influenced the fashion of high society dances in the 19th century and thus inspired British Renaissance Revival jewelry.

Gold pendant features a lion head in the middle; the frame around it is separated into sections with each section displaying a letter that taken together spell out ROMA ETERNA.


Carlo Guiliano was well-known in Western Europe from the 1840s to the 1890s for his interpretive Renaissance Revival style creations. He employed champlevé, basse-taille and en ronde bosse enameling techniques in his designs that featured rubies, emeralds and sapphires to cater to his wealthy patrons. Giuliano and other revivalist jewelers often employed ancient techniques and tools in their work, such as die-stamping, a technique used by Hellenistic goldsmiths.

A center mask with acanthus (flowering plant) leaves growing out of it.
This Renaissance revival style gold brooch and stickpin features a grotesque mask in the center and is accented with acanthus leaf. Courtesy of Neil Lane, Inc., Beverly Hills. Photo by Tino Hammid/GIA & Tino Hammid.

Renaissance Revival jewelry revisited the grotesque style, which is derived from the Italian grotteschi and refers to the decoration of grottoes found circa 1500 during Roman excavations, particularly of the Golden House of Nero, 65-68 C.E. The word “grotesque” involves mixed animal, human and plant forms in strange configurations one might find less than beautiful.

Although the animal heads and other motifs sometimes held symbolic significance, grotesque, in general, is purely decorative.

The most notable French Renaissance Revival jewelers were Lucien Falize, Alphonse Fouquet and Louis Wièse, and included the larger jewelry houses of Boucheron, Chaumet and Vever.

A scarab brooch with two sets of wings – one set is short, the other elongated. The body is a lapis lazuli and the long wings are a blue-green enamel.
This 1930s Egyptian Revival scarab brooch features wings fashioned in plique-à-jour enameling set in 14K gold. The scarab beetle is lapis lazuli accented with pearl. Courtesy of Marilyn & Co. Photo by Kevin Schumacher/GIA.

Egyptian Revival

Egyptian Revival jewelry came into its golden age in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 connected the Mediterranean and Red Seas and propelled opportunities for travel and an interest in Egyptian culture. The opening of the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun in 1922 revealed ancient treasures in the southern Mediterranean world and sparked awe among those who saw them. These monumental events were instrumental to the emergence of Egyptian Revival jewelry.

The Egyptians believed plants and animals were sacred and the scarab beetle, lotus flower are recurring motifs in Egyptian design. According to Egyptian culture the scarab beetle was a sign of rebirth; the winged scarab signified coming into being. Cats and other animals were revered as gods. The lotus, symbolic of Upper Egypt, represents an emerging god in some creation myths.

A kneeling figure clad in Egyptian headdress, arm bands, and loincloth playing a falcon-headed harp set with an oval amethyst carved as a scarab. The figure and harp rest on a plinth supported by two coiled snakes. Green, blue, and red enamel accent the h
This Egyptian revival style gold brooch is by T.B. Starr, a prominent New York City jeweler in during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It features a carved amethyst scarab, with green, blue and red enameling, and a falcon with a demantoid garnet as its eye. The piece evokes the exotic treasures unearthed from Egyptian royal tombs, embellished with symbolic motifs such as scarabs, lotus blossoms, sphinxes and ibises that were thought to ensure protection from evil and the promise of eternal life. Courtesy of The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

The palette of colors in Egyptian artifacts and art were also symbolic: red represented the desert; green evoked the fertile lands of the Nile Valley; blue symbolized the sky and water; and yellow signified the Sun. The pharaoh and sphinx motifs are easily recognizable as Egyptian symbols.

It is no wonder that an artistic interest in Archaeological, Renaissance and Egyptian Revival themes remains alive in jewelry today.

Sharon Bohannon, a media editor who researches, catalogs and documents photos, is a GIA GG and GIA AJP. She works in the Richard T. Liddicoat Gemological Library and Information Center.